Drug Protocols

Reference List for Pain Management in Livestock

Tail Docking in Cattle

Ruegg, P. L. 2004. Tail docking and animal welfare. The Bovine Practitioner . 38:24-29.

Stull, C. L., Payne, M. A., Berry , S. L., Hullinger, P. J. 2002. Evaluation of the scientific justification for tail docking in dairy cattle. J of Amer Vet Med Assoc . 220(9):1298-1303.

Dehorning in Cattle

Faulkner, P. M., and Weary, D. M. 2000. Reducing pain after dehorning in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci . 83:2037-2041.

Graf, B., and Senn, M. 1999. Behavioural and physiological responses of calves to dehorning by heat cauterization with or without local anaesthesia. Applied Anim Behaviour Sci. 62:153-171.

Laden, S. A., Wohlt, J. E., Zajac, P. K., and Carsia, R. V. 1985. Effects of stress from electrical dehorning on feed intake, growth, and blood constituents of Holstein heifer calves. J Dairy Sci. 68:3062-3066.

Loxton, I. D. , Toleman, M. A., and Holmes, A. E. 1982. The effect of dehorning Brahman crossbred animals of four age groups on subsequent bodyweight gain. Australian Vet J. 58:191-193.

McMeekan, C. M., Stafford , K. J., Mellor, D. J., Bruce, R. A., Ward, R. N., and Gregory, N. G. 1998. Effects of regional analgesia and/or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic on the acute cortisol response to dehorning in calves. Research in Veterinary Science. 64:147-150.

Petre, N. J., Mellor, D. J., Stafford , K. J., Bruce, R. A., and Ward, R. N. 1995. Cortisol responses of calves to two methods of disbudding used with or without local anaesthetic. New Zealand Vet J. 44:9-14.

Castration in Cattle

Aissat, D., Sosa, J. M., de Avila, D. M., Bertrand, K. P., and Reeves, J. J. 2002. Endocrine, growth, and carcass characteristics of bulls immunized against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone fusion proteins. J Anim Sci . 80:2209-2213.

Cook, R. B., Popp, J. D., Kastelic, J. P., Robbins, S., and Harland, R. 2000. The effects of active immunization against gnRH on testicular development, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics of beef bulls. J Anim Sci. 78:2778-2783.

Faulkner, D. B., Eurell, T., Tranquilli, W. J., Ott, R. S., Ohl, M. W., Cmarik, G. F., and Zinn, G. 1992. Performance and health of weanling bulls after butorphanol and xylazine administration at castration. J Anim Sci . 70:2970-2974.

Fisher, A. D., Crowe, M. A., Alonso de la Varga, M. E., and Enright, W. J. 1996. Effect of castration method and the provision of local anesthesia on plasma cortisol, scrotal circumference, growth, and feed intake of bull calves. J Anim Sci. 74:2336-2343.

Fisher, A. D., Crowe, M. A., O'Nuallain, E. M., Monaghan, M. L., Larkin, J. A., O'Kiely, P., and Enright, W. J. 1997. Effects of cortisol on in vitro interferon-gamma production, acute-phase proteins, growth, and feed intake in a calf castration model. J Anim Sci. 75:1041-1047.

Fisher, A. D., Crowe, M. A., O'Nuallain, E. M., Monaghan, M. L., Prendiville, D. J., O'Kiely, P., and Enright, W. J. 1997. Effects of suppressing cortisol following castration of bull calves on adrenocorticotropic hormone, in vitro interferon-gamma production, leukocytes, acute-phase proteins, growth, and feed intake. J Anim Sci. 75:1899-1908.

Molony, V., Kent , J. E., and Roberston, I. S. 1995. Assessment of acute and chronic pain after different methods of castration of calves. Applied Anim Behaviour Sci. 46:33-48.

Ting, S. T. L, Earley, B., and Crowe, M. A. 2003. Effect of repeated ketoprofen administration during surgical castration of bulls on cortisol, immunological function, feed intake, growth, and behavior. J Anim Sci. 81:1253-1264.

Ting, S. T. L., Earley, B., Hughes, J. M. L., and Crowe, M. A. 2003. Effect of ketoprofen, lidocaine local anesthesia, and combined xylazine and lidocaine caudal epidural anesthesia during castration of beef cattle on stress responses, immunity, growth, and behavior. J Anim Sci. 81:1281-1293.

Other Cattle References

Anderson , N. 2003. Dairy cattle behavior: cows interacting with their workplace. The AABP Proceedings. 36:10-22.

Apley, M., O'Connor, A., and Larson, B. 2004. An evidence-based medicine approach to preconditioning programs. Academy of Veterinary Consultants. Vol. XXXII, No. 1. pp. 28-48.

Cook, N. B. 2002. The influence of barn design on dairy cow hygiene, lameness and udder health. The AABP Proceedings. 35:97-103.

Fitzpatrick, J. L., F. J. Young, D. Eckersall, D. N. Logue , C. H. Knight, and A. Nolan. 1999. Mastitis – a painful problem? Cattle Practice 7:225-226.

Garry, F. B. 2004. An overview of animal welfare in the U.S. dairy industry. The Bovine Practitioner. 38(1):1-22.

O'Callaghan, K. 2002. Lameness and associated pain in cattle – challenging traditional perceptions. In Practice . 24(4):212-219.

Pyorala, S., T. Laurila, S. Lehtonen, S. Leppa, and L. Kaartinen. 1999. Local tissue damage in cows after intramuscular administration of preparations containing phenylbutazone, flunixin, ketoprofen and metamizole. Acta Vet. Scand. 40:145-150.

Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., Stookey, J. M., and Welford, R. 1997. Behavior of cattle during hot-iron and freeze branding and the effects on subsequent handling ease. J Anim Sci. 75:2064-2072.

Whay, H. R. 2002. A review of current pain management in ruminants – the lame cow model. 12 th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants. Pp. 131-138.

Whay, H. R., A. E. Waterman, A. J. F. Webster, and J. K. O'Brien. The influence of lesion type on the duration of hyperalgesia associated with hindlimb lameness in dairy cattle. The Veterinary Journal 156:23-29.

Sheep References

Grant, C. 2004. Behavioural responses of lambs to common painful husbandry procedures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 87:255-273.

Grant, C., R. N. Upton, and T. R. Kuchel. 1996. Efficacy of intra-muscular analgesics for acute pain in sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal 73:129-132.

Kent, J. E., R. E. Jackson, V. Molony, and B. D. Hosie. 2000. Effects of acute pain reduction methods on the chronic inflammatory lesions and behaviour of lambs castrated and tail docked with rubber rings at less than two days of age. The Veterinary Journal 160:33-41.

Kent , J. E., M. V. Thrusfield, V. Molony, B. D. Hosie, and B. W. Sheppard. 2004. Randomised, controlled field trial of two new techniques for the castration and tail docking of lambs less than two days of age. The Veterinary Record 154:193-200.

Ley, S. J., A. E. Waterman, and A. Livingston. 1995. A field study of the effect of lameness on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in sheep. The Veterinary Record 137:85-87.

Molony, V., J. E. Kent, and I. J. McKendrick. 2002. Validation of a method for assessment of an acute pain in lambs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76:215-238.

Stafford , K. J., J. Spoorenberg, D. M. West, J. J. Vermunt, N. Petrie, and C. R. O. Lawoko. 1996. The effect of electro-ejaculation on aversive behaviour and plasma cortisol concentration in rams. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 44:95-98.

Waterman, A. E., A. Livingston, S. J. Ley, and S. Brandt. 1992. In: Animal Pain . Short, C. E., and A. Van Poznak. New York : Churchill Livingstone. Pp. 378-385.

Swine References

Hay, M., A. Vulin, S. Genin, P. Sales, and A. Prunier. 2003. Assessment of pain induced by castration in piglets: behavioral and physiological responses over the subsequent 5 days. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 82:201-218.

McGlone, J. J., R. I. Nicholson, J. M. Hellman, and D. N. Herzog . 1993. The development of pain in young pigs associated with castration and attempts to prevent castration-induced behavioral changes. Journal of Animal Science 71:1441-1446.

Weary, D. M., L. A. Braithwaite, and D. Fraser. 1998. Vocal responses to pain in piglets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 56:161-172.

Camelid References

Cebra, C. K., M. L. Cebra. 1999. Assessment of colic in New World camelids. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 6:177-183.

General Livestock References

Animal Care and Use Committee of Colorado State University . Website and other links. http://www.research.colostate.edu/rcoweb/ac.htm . Last accessed 10/8/04.

Animal Welfare Act and Regulations. USDA website with other links. http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdalegl.htm . Last accessed 10/7/04.

Bath , G. F. 1998. Management of pain in production animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 59:147-156.

Benson, G. J., and Rollin, B. E., eds. 2004. The Well-Being of Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions. Blackwell Publishing.

Canada Codes of Practice and Factsheets for the Care and Handling of Farm Animals. http://www.carc-crac.ca/english/codes_of_practice/CodesIndexPage.htm . Last accessed 10/7/04.

Davis, L. E. 1983. Species differences in drug disposition as factors in alleviation of pain. In Animal Pain: Perception and Alleviation . R. L. Kitchell, H. H. Erickson, eds. American Physiological Society, Bethesda , MD.

Duncan, I. J. H., and Molony, V. 1986. Agriculture: Assessing pain in farm animals. Proceedings of a workshop held in Roslin , Scotland , 25 and 26 October 1984. Sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities.

George, L. W. 2003. Pain control in food animals. In Recent Advances in Anesthetic Management of Large Domestic Animals. E. P. Steffey, ed. Internat Vet Inform Service. Ithaca , NY .

Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in agricultural research and teaching. Consortium for Developing a Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. 1 st ed. March 1988.

Loeffler, K. 1986. Assessing pain by studying posture, activity and function. Assessing Pain in Farm Animals , Proceedings of a workshop held in Rosland , Scotland . October 25-26, 1984. Duncan, I. J. H, and V. Molony, eds. Commission of the European Communities.

McGlone, J. J., and Hicks, T. A. 1993. Teaching standard agricultural practices that are known to be painful. J Anim Sci. 71:1071-1074.

Molony, V., and Kent , J. E. 1997. Assessment of acute pain in farm animals using behavioral and physiological measurements. J Anim Sci . 75:266-272.

Muir, W. W. 2003. Physiology and pathophysiology of pain. The AABP Proceedings. 36:33-35.

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food , Canada . Website and other links. http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/livestock . Click on “Codes of Practice” or “Farm Animal Welfare and Behaviour” under Farm Animal Care and Handling.

Otto, K. A., and C. E. Short. 1998. Pharmaceutical control of pain in large animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 59:157-169.

Papich, M. G. Drug residue considerations for anesthetics and adjunctive drugs in food-producing animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 12:693-706.

Sneddon, L. U., and Gentle, M. J. 2001. Pain in farm animals. Research Consortium Sustainable Animal Production. http://www.agriculture.de . Follow links to conference section, workshop series, animal welfare, pain in farm animals. Last accesses 10/4/04.

Stafford , K. J., and D. J. Mellor. 1993. Castration, tail docking and dehorning – what are the constraints? Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 53:189-195.

Stafford , K. J., and D. J. Mellor. 2002. Monitoring pain in animals using behaviour. Proceedings of the New Zealan

Large Animal Perioperative Analgesia
Jane E. Quandt, DVM, MS, ACVA

Large Animal Analgesic: Use of a-2 Agonists
Jane E Quandt, DVM, MS, ACVA